What is a common sign that a grapevine has been over-pruned?

A common sign that a grapevine has been over-pruned is stunted growth and reduced leaf area. Over-pruning can leave the vine with insufficient foliage, which is crucial for photosynthesis and the overall health of the plant. When a vine is over-pruned, it may not have enough leaves to support its root system and fruit, leading to diminished vigor. This impacts the vine's ability to produce energy, ultimately resulting in less robust growth and a smaller leaf area, which is often visible and signals that the vine is not thriving as it should.

In contrast, increased fruit production, stronger vine health, and enhanced flowering are not indicators of over-pruning; rather, they are typically signs of healthy and appropriately managed vines that have received the right amount of pruning to optimize yield and growth.